{"id":304,"date":"2018-04-24T10:16:28","date_gmt":"2018-04-24T10:16:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/?page_id=304"},"modified":"2023-04-18T13:33:26","modified_gmt":"2023-04-18T13:33:26","slug":"normal-kidneys","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/normal-kidneys\/","title":{"rendered":"Normal kidneys"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Where are the kidneys?<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Most people have two <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">kidneys<\/span><\/strong>, which sit at the back of the abdomen (behind the liver and intestines) in the small of the back on either side of the spine. Each is 11-14 cm (5-6 inches) long and is bean-shaped. It is very difficult to examine a normal kidney because they are far back when examined from the front, and behind a lot of muscles when examined from the back. From the kidneys, the <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">collecting systems<\/span><\/strong> funnel the urine into tubes (<strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">ureters<\/span><\/strong>) which go down to the <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">bladder. <\/span><\/strong>The connection to the outside is along the <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">urethra<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t#colorbox_main_container_1176 .wpsm_panel {\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0px !important;\r\n\tbackground-color: #e6f7ed;\r\n\t\r\n\t\tborder: 0px solid #e8e8e8;\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 4px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1176 .wpsm_panel-default > .wpsm_panel-heading {\r\n\tbackground-color: #e8e8e8 !important;\r\n\tborder-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\r\n\tborder-top-left-radius: 0px;\r\n\tborder-top-right-radius: 0px;\r\n\ttext-align:left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1176 .colorbox_singel_box{\r\n  margin-bottom:20px !important;\r\n\t  padding-top: 5px;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1176 .wpsm_panel-title{\r\n\tmargin-top: 0 !important;\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0 !important;\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\tword-wrap:break-word;\r\n\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1176 .wpsm_panel-title span{\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\t vertical-align: middle;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1176 .wpsm_panel-body{\r\n\tcolor: #5b5b5b !important;\r\n\tbackground-color:#e6f7ed !important;\r\n\tfont-size:6px !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\toverflow:hidden;\r\n\ttext-align:left}\r\n\r\n \t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 992px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:50% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width: 786px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:100% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\t\t\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div style=\"display:block;overflow:hidden;width:100%;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"colorbox_main_container_1176\" style=\"colorbox_main_container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1176 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys2-e1529496848983.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1116 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys2-300x235.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"273\" height=\"214\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Arteries, veins, ureters and bladder. This image is one from the excellent animation described below<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1176 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys3-e1529496872327.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1117 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys3-300x217.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"217\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">A cross-section of the body taken along the red dotted line shown in the diagram above. (Imagine that the body has been cut across, and you are looking up from below.) The kidneys are to the back, and quite far in and difficult to feel from the surface<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tjQuery(window).load(function(){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tjQuery('#colorbox_main_container_1176').masonry({\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   itemSelector: '.colorbox_singel_box',\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tvar col = new jColumn();\r\n\t\t\t\t\tcol.jcolumn('wpsm_panel_default_1176');\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><a id=\"Each_kidney_is_joined\"><\/a>Each kidney is joined to the largest artery in the body, the <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">aorta<\/span><\/strong>, by a short <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">renal artery<\/span><\/strong>. The kidneys have a huge blood supply &#8211; one fifth (20%) of normal blood flow leaving the heart.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t#colorbox_main_container_1183 .wpsm_panel {\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0px !important;\r\n\tbackground-color: #e6f7ed;\r\n\t\r\n\t\tborder: 2px solid #e8e8e8;\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 4px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1183 .wpsm_panel-default > .wpsm_panel-heading {\r\n\tbackground-color: #e8e8e8 !important;\r\n\tborder-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\r\n\tborder-top-left-radius: 0px;\r\n\tborder-top-right-radius: 0px;\r\n\ttext-align:left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1183 .colorbox_singel_box{\r\n  margin-bottom:20px !important;\r\n\t  padding-top: 5px;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1183 .wpsm_panel-title{\r\n\tmargin-top: 0 !important;\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0 !important;\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\tword-wrap:break-word;\r\n\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1183 .wpsm_panel-title span{\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\t vertical-align: middle;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1183 .wpsm_panel-body{\r\n\tcolor: #5b5b5b !important;\r\n\tbackground-color:#e6f7ed !important;\r\n\tfont-size:16px !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\toverflow:hidden;\r\n\ttext-align:left}\r\n\r\n \t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 992px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:50% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width: 786px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:100% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\t\t\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div style=\"display:block;overflow:hidden;width:100%;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"colorbox_main_container_1183\" style=\"colorbox_main_container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1183 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1118 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys4-300x279.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys4-300x279.jpg 300w, https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys4-500x464.jpg 500w, https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys4-150x139.jpg 150w, https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys4.jpg 699w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">A single glomerulus and nephron - there are one million of these in each kidney<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1183 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Inside each kidney, blood is channelled to 1 million tiny filters, each one called a <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">glomerulus<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>(the plural is glomeruli). Glomeruli are each joined onto small tubes (tubules) to make <span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">nephrons<\/span><\/strong><\/span>, and each day 150 litres (40 US gallons) of filtrate passes into the nephrons - 100 times the average daily amount of urine. As the fluid passes along these tubes, most of it is taken back into the blood stream (reabsorbed), leaving only those things that are to be sent out in the urine. Control mechanisms can vary the amount of water, salt, and other substances that are left in the urine when it finally goes into the ureter and down to the bladder.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tjQuery(window).load(function(){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tjQuery('#colorbox_main_container_1183').masonry({\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   itemSelector: '.colorbox_singel_box',\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tvar col = new jColumn();\r\n\t\t\t\t\tcol.jcolumn('wpsm_panel_default_1183');\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">ANIMATION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kidneypatientguide.org.uk\/site\/WRKanim.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.kidneypatientguide.org.uk\/site\/WRKanim.php\">Click here<\/a> to see an animation of where the kidneys are, and a bit about how they work, from the<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.kidneypatientguide.org.uk\/contents.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.kidneypatientguide.org.uk\/contents.php\">Kidney Patient Guide<\/a> (Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wales). You need Flash Player on your PC (or Mac) to see it work (links to get this free are provided).<\/p>\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">What do the kidneys do?<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li>remove toxic waste products<\/li>\n<li>remove excess water and salts<\/li>\n<li>play a part in controlling your blood pressure<\/li>\n<li>produce erythropoietin (<strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">epo<\/span><\/strong> for short) which stimulates red cell production from the bone marrow &#8211; you get anaemic without this<\/li>\n<li>help to keep calcium and phosphate in balance for healthy bones<\/li>\n<li>maintain the blood in a neutral (non-acid) state<a id=\"Common_signs_of_kidney_disease\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Signs that the kidneys are not working properly<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Urine tests<\/span><\/strong> may show blood or protein that should not normally be there. More information on <a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/haematuria-hematuria\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink141]\">haematuria<\/a> (blood in the urine) and <a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/proteinuria\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink159]\">proteinuria<\/a> (protein in the urine) is given on other pages.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Blood pressure<\/span><\/strong> may be high. Most people with high blood pressure do not have serious kidney disease, but high blood pressure can be a sign of kidney disease. It is more likely to be connected to kidney disease in people who are young, or have severe high blood pressure.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Trouble passing urine<\/span><\/strong> is rarely caused by kidney trouble &#8211; unless the kidneys are very severely damaged. It is more commonly caused by problems in the bladder, or in the nerves supplying the bladder, or by infection in the urine.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Pain around the kidneys<\/span><\/strong> is an uncommon symptom in kidney disease except with <a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/kidney-stones\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink147]\">kidney stones<\/a>, and usually has alternative explanations. It is very common with kidney stones, and sometimes occurs with urine infections. Patients with large cysts in the kidney may get pain from them. Sometimes blockage of the artery to the kidney causes pain. Otherwise pain is unusual in kidney disease.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Other symptoms<\/span><\/strong> come from loss of kidney function. In the early stages of many kidney diseases, there are no symptoms at all. Kidney function needs to be quite badly damaged before any symptoms become noticeable. At first these are usually very vague and non-specific, and easily confused with many other conditions. A general slowing down and tiredness are common. Later symptoms may include loss of appetite, itch, poor sleep, and many others. Some of these are described on our pages on <a href=\"[wblink133]\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink133]\">chronic renal failure and its progression<\/a>.<a id=\"Tests_for_kidney_disease\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Tests for kidney disease<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pornobonjour.com\/category\/video-porno\/\">video porno<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gotpornhub.com\/category\/schoolgirl\">schoolgirl porn<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/thaiporn.vip\/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88\/xhamster\">xhamster<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/filmporno.video\/categoria\/youporn\">youporn<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.viexas.com\/category\/malay-porn\">malay porn<\/a><\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #e6f7ed; width: 514px;\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" bgcolor=\"#dedede\" width=\"514\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Blood tests <\/span><\/strong>(<a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/blood-tests-in-kidney-disease\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink131]\">more info about individual kidney blood tests<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ffffcc\" width=\"-289\" height=\"30\"><a href=\"#Where_can_I_find_further_information_\" data-cke-saved-href=\"#Where_can_I_find_further_information_\"><b>Urea<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ffffcc\" width=\"803\" height=\"30\">a simple test, but the <a href=\"#Tests_for_kidney_disease\" data-cke-saved-href=\"#Tests_for_kidney_disease\">result<\/a> is affected by food and by dehydration.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ffffcc\" width=\"-289\" height=\"15\"><a href=\"#Where_can_I_find_further_information_\" data-cke-saved-href=\"#Where_can_I_find_further_information_\"><b>Creatinine<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ffffcc\" width=\"803\" height=\"15\">a more reliable measure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #e6f7ed; width: 514px; height: 17px;\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"baseline\" bgcolor=\"#dedede\" width=\"514\" height=\"17\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Estimating GFR using just blood tests (eGFR, estimated GFR)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ffffcc\" width=\"-289\" height=\"37\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Equations<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ffffcc\" width=\"803\" height=\"37\">The <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">MDRD<\/span><\/strong> and <strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">CKD-EPI <\/span><\/strong>equations use blood tests, age, and race to work out approximately what the GFR is. They are not as good as measuring GFR directly, but they are very useful. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kidney.org\/professionals\/kdoqi\/gfr_calculator\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.renal.org\/eGFRcalc\/GFR.pl\">Calculate your MDRD eGFR<\/a> (from the Renal Association website); or your <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kidney.org.au\/health-professionals\/detect\/calculator-and-tools\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.kidney.org.au\/health-professionals\/detect\/calculator-and-tools\">CKD-EPI eGFR<\/a> (Kidney Health Australia) Remember that this is not as accurate as measuring GFR, and in some people eGFR may be quite far from the real GFR. <a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/ckd-chronic-renal-failure-and-its-progression\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink133]\">Explain reduced GFR<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #e6f7ed;\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#dedede\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">More accurate tests to show GFR<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nGFR means glomerular filtration rate, the most useful measure of kidney function. As the normal value is about 100, it gives an approximate &#8216;score out of 100&#8217; for kidney function. However your normal GFR depends on your size and age.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ffffcc\" width=\"31%\" height=\"15\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Creatinine clearance<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ffffcc\" width=\"69%\" height=\"15\">requires collection of all urine over 24h, with a blood test. The Cockroft-Gault equation used to approximately estimate this before eGFR equation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Imaging tests (X-rays etc.)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>A number of different kinds of test can be used to show the kidneys. These are some common examples.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t#colorbox_main_container_1185 .wpsm_panel {\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0px !important;\r\n\tbackground-color: #e6f7ed;\r\n\t\r\n\t\tborder: 2px solid #e8e8e8;\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 4px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1185 .wpsm_panel-default > .wpsm_panel-heading {\r\n\tbackground-color: #e8e8e8 !important;\r\n\tborder-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\r\n\tborder-top-left-radius: 0px;\r\n\tborder-top-right-radius: 0px;\r\n\ttext-align:left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1185 .colorbox_singel_box{\r\n  margin-bottom:20px !important;\r\n\t  padding-top: 5px;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1185 .wpsm_panel-title{\r\n\tmargin-top: 0 !important;\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0 !important;\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\tword-wrap:break-word;\r\n\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1185 .wpsm_panel-title span{\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\t vertical-align: middle;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1185 .wpsm_panel-body{\r\n\tcolor: #5b5b5b !important;\r\n\tbackground-color:#e6f7ed !important;\r\n\tfont-size:16px !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\toverflow:hidden;\r\n\ttext-align:left}\r\n\r\n \t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 992px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:50% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width: 786px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:100% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\t\t\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div style=\"display:block;overflow:hidden;width:100%;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"colorbox_main_container_1185\" style=\"colorbox_main_container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1185 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Ultrasound<\/span><\/strong> is the most commonly used technique. It uses sound waves, not X-rays, and seems to be completely safe, even in pregnancy. The pictures look better during the examination than when 'stills' are shown. This image shows a normal kidney by ultrasound (top right), with a diagram below it to show the outline of the kidney.\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1185 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys6-e1529498006848.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1120\" src=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys6-e1529498006848.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"232\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tjQuery(window).load(function(){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tjQuery('#colorbox_main_container_1185').masonry({\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   itemSelector: '.colorbox_singel_box',\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tvar col = new jColumn();\r\n\t\t\t\t\tcol.jcolumn('wpsm_panel_default_1185');\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t#colorbox_main_container_1202 .wpsm_panel {\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0px !important;\r\n\tbackground-color: #e6f7ed;\r\n\t\r\n\t\tborder: 2px solid #e8e8e8;\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 4px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1202 .wpsm_panel-default > .wpsm_panel-heading {\r\n\tbackground-color: #e8e8e8 !important;\r\n\tborder-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\r\n\tborder-top-left-radius: 0px;\r\n\tborder-top-right-radius: 0px;\r\n\ttext-align:left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1202 .colorbox_singel_box{\r\n  margin-bottom:20px !important;\r\n\t  padding-top: 5px;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1202 .wpsm_panel-title{\r\n\tmargin-top: 0 !important;\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0 !important;\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\tword-wrap:break-word;\r\n\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1202 .wpsm_panel-title span{\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\t vertical-align: middle;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1202 .wpsm_panel-body{\r\n\tcolor: #5b5b5b !important;\r\n\tbackground-color:#e6f7ed !important;\r\n\tfont-size:16px !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\toverflow:hidden;\r\n\ttext-align:left}\r\n\r\n \t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 992px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:50% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width: 786px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:100% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\t\t\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div style=\"display:block;overflow:hidden;width:100%;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"colorbox_main_container_1202\" style=\"colorbox_main_container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1202 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/PK2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1126\" src=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/PK2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"162\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/PK4.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1128\" src=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/PK4-172x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/PK4-172x300.gif 172w, https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/PK4-86x150.gif 86w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 94px) 100vw, 94px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">CT - Computed tomography,<\/span><\/strong> the 'CAT scan', is widely used to show organs and structures. The one on the left shows just the left half of the body, with the kidney shown in pink on the diagram beside it (compare with the figure above)\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1202 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPIC TO BE INSERTED\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging<\/span><\/strong> is another type of cross-sectional imaging like CT. It is sometimes useful for showing particular regions well, and it can sometimes be used to show blood vessels as an alternative to arteriography (see below)\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tjQuery(window).load(function(){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tjQuery('#colorbox_main_container_1202').masonry({\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   itemSelector: '.colorbox_singel_box',\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tvar col = new jColumn();\r\n\t\t\t\t\tcol.jcolumn('wpsm_panel_default_1202');\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t#colorbox_main_container_1206 .wpsm_panel {\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0px !important;\r\n\tbackground-color: #e6f7ed;\r\n\t\r\n\t\tborder: 2px solid #e8e8e8;\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 4px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1206 .wpsm_panel-default > .wpsm_panel-heading {\r\n\tbackground-color: #e8e8e8 !important;\r\n\tborder-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\r\n\tborder-top-left-radius: 0px;\r\n\tborder-top-right-radius: 0px;\r\n\ttext-align:left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1206 .colorbox_singel_box{\r\n  margin-bottom:20px !important;\r\n\t  padding-top: 5px;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1206 .wpsm_panel-title{\r\n\tmargin-top: 0 !important;\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0 !important;\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\tword-wrap:break-word;\r\n\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1206 .wpsm_panel-title span{\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\t vertical-align: middle;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1206 .wpsm_panel-body{\r\n\tcolor: #5b5b5b !important;\r\n\tbackground-color:#e6f7ed !important;\r\n\tfont-size:16px !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\toverflow:hidden;\r\n\ttext-align:left}\r\n\r\n \t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 992px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:50% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width: 786px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:100% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\t\t\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div style=\"display:block;overflow:hidden;width:100%;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"colorbox_main_container_1206\" style=\"colorbox_main_container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1206 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys9.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1123 \" src=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"217\" height=\"285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys9.jpg 153w, https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys9-114x150.jpg 114w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 217px) 100vw, 217px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1206 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">IVU (or IVP) - intravenous urography <\/span><\/strong>(or pyelography). In this test an injection of a substance that is eliminated through the kidneys is given. This shows up on X-rays, and it can be followed travelling from the kidney, down the ureters into the bladder. It is useful for showing the ureters and for suspected kidney stones. This image shows the left kidney seen from the front, with dye in the collecting system leading into the top of the ureter.\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tjQuery(window).load(function(){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tjQuery('#colorbox_main_container_1206').masonry({\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   itemSelector: '.colorbox_singel_box',\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tvar col = new jColumn();\r\n\t\t\t\t\tcol.jcolumn('wpsm_panel_default_1206');\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t#colorbox_main_container_1208 .wpsm_panel {\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0px !important;\r\n\tbackground-color: #e6f7ed;\r\n\t\r\n\t\tborder: 2px solid #e8e8e8;\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 4px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1208 .wpsm_panel-default > .wpsm_panel-heading {\r\n\tbackground-color: #e8e8e8 !important;\r\n\tborder-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\r\n\tborder-top-left-radius: 0px;\r\n\tborder-top-right-radius: 0px;\r\n\ttext-align:left;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1208 .colorbox_singel_box{\r\n  margin-bottom:20px !important;\r\n\t  padding-top: 5px;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1208 .wpsm_panel-title{\r\n\tmargin-top: 0 !important;\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 0 !important;\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\tword-wrap:break-word;\r\n\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1208 .wpsm_panel-title span{\r\n\tfont-size: 18px !important;\r\n\tcolor: #000000 !important;\r\n\t vertical-align: middle;\r\n}\r\n#colorbox_main_container_1208 .wpsm_panel-body{\r\n\tcolor: #5b5b5b !important;\r\n\tbackground-color:#e6f7ed !important;\r\n\tfont-size:16px !important;\r\n\tfont-family: Open Sans !important;\r\n\toverflow:hidden;\r\n\ttext-align:left}\r\n\r\n \t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 992px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:50% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width: 786px){\r\n\t.colorbox_singel_box{ \r\n\t\twidth:100% !important;\r\n\t}\r\n}\t\t\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div style=\"display:block;overflow:hidden;width:100%;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"colorbox_main_container_1208\" style=\"colorbox_main_container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1208 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Arteriography (angiography) <\/span><\/strong>This is a way of showing the blood supply to the kidneys. It usually requires injection of contrast material into the artery that you are trying to see. It is described on another page on <a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/angiography-and-angioplasty\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink129]\">angiography and angioplasty<\/a>. Here is an example showing the blood supply to the left kidney. A thin tube has been passed into the main artery to the lower body (the aorta) from the groin, and an injection of contrast material given. The renal artery on the left (the right side of the picture) is blocked, while that on the right is narrowed.\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\" wpsm_col-md-6 wpsm_col-sm-6 colorbox_singel_box\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpsm_panel wpsm_panel-default wpsm_panel_default_1208 \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"wpsm_panel-body\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\r\n<p><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys10.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-1124\" src=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"299\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys10.jpg 175w, https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/normalkidneys10-150x148.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t  <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   \r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tjQuery(window).load(function(){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tjQuery('#colorbox_main_container_1208').masonry({\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   itemSelector: '.colorbox_singel_box',\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tvar col = new jColumn();\r\n\t\t\t\t\tcol.jcolumn('wpsm_panel_default_1208');\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Kidney biopsy<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>A kidney biopsy involves taking a small sample of kidney through a needle to look at it under the microscope. More information about this test is given in our page on <a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/renal-biopsy\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink162]\">renal biopsy<\/a>.<a id=\"Further_information\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"bigbox2\">\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Where can I find further information?<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>You can <a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink73]\">search this site<\/a>, or go to our&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/edren\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink11]\">EdRen INFO<\/a> page. Or you can brave the rest of the Internet.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/historyofnephrology.blogspot.co.uk\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/historyofnephrology.blogspot.co.uk\/\">History of how the nephron works<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/blood-tests-in-kidney-disease\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink131]\">Kidney tests<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/edren-info\/renal-biopsy\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"[wblink131]\">Kidney biopsy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Acknowledgements:<\/strong>&nbsp; The author of this page was Neil Turner. It was first published in January 2000, with revisions in February 2016. The date is was last modified is shown in the footer.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Where are the kidneys? Most people have two kidneys, which sit at the back of the abdomen (behind the liver and intestines) in the small of the back on either side of the spine. Each is 11-14 cm (5-6 inches) long and is bean-shaped. It is very difficult to examine\u2026<\/p>\n<p> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/?p=1208\"><span>Continue reading<\/span><i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":220,"menu_order":192,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-304","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/304","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=304"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/304\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3303,"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/304\/revisions\/3303"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/220"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edren.org\/ren\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}